For long time bilirubin was only considered as a potentially dangerous sign of liver diseases,
but it now appears clear that it is also a powerful signaling molecule. Together with potent …

Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) is known to be one of the most potent endogenous antioxidant
substances. While hyperbilirubinemia has long been recognized as an ominous sign of liver …

Labile heme (LH) is a complex of Fe (II) and protoporphyrin IX, an essential signaling
molecule in various biological systems. Most of the subcellular dynamics of LH remain …

Heme is essential for the survival of virtually all living systems─ from bacteria, fungi, and
yeast, through plants to animals. No eukaryote has been identified that can survive without …

Dopamine is a well-known neurotransmitter due to its involvement in Parkinson's disease
(PD). Dopamine is not only involved in PD but also controls multiple mental and physical …

Photoacoustic imaging has emerged as a promising imaging platform with a high tissue
penetration depth. However, biodegradable nanoparticles, especially those for …

Bilirubin, a potent antioxidant, is a product of heme catabolism in heterotrophs. Heterotrophs
mitigate oxidative stress resulting from free heme by catabolism into bilirubin via biliverdin …

Significance: The stress responsive transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related
factor 2, or NRF2, regulates the expression of many cytoprotective enzymes to mitigate …

The physiological roles of endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) have not been fully
understood because of the difficulty in preparing a loss-of-function phenotype of this …

Bilirubin is a yellow endogenous derivate of the heme catabolism. Since the 1980s, it has
been recognized as one of the most potent antioxidants in nature, able to counteract …