During the course of their lives many vertebrates live and forage in environments
characterized by different salinities and must therefore respond to changes in salt intake …

Reduction of intestinal lumen osmotic pressure by the formation of Ca (Mg) CO3,“
ichthyocarbonate,” is essential for osmoregulation by the only vertebrate group, ray-finned …

Many migratory vertebrates typically move between habitats with varying salinities during
the annual cycle. These organisms clearly exhibit a remarkable phenotypic flexibility in their …

Objective To establish and compare normal ocular parameters between and within diurnal
and nocturnal raptor groups. Animals studied Eighty‐eight ophthalmically normal raptors of …

The effects of habitat-management practices in coastal marshes have been poorly
evaluated. We summarize the extant literature concerning whether these manipulations …

Tracing how free-ranging organisms interact with their environment to maintain water
balance is a difficult topic to study for logistical and methodological reasons. We use a novel …

Salinization is having a major impact on wetlands and its biota worldwide. Specifically, many
migratory animals that rely on wetlands are increasingly exposed to elevated salinity on their …

The avian genus Cinclodes (Furnariidae) includes species that inhabit both inland and
marine shores. We compared the carbon isotopic composition and osmoregulatory …

Recent experiments on shorebirds have demonstrated that maintaining an active
osmoregulatory machinery is energetically expensive. This may, in part, explain diet and …

Birds of marine environments have specialized glands to excrete salt, the saltglands.
Located on the skull between the eyes, the size of these organs is expected to reflect their …