In nature, animals display defensive behaviors that reflect the spatiotemporal distance of
threats. Laboratory-based paradigms that elicit specific defensive responses in rodents have …

Current medication for anxiety disorders is suboptimal in terms of efficiency and tolerability,
highlighting the need for improved drug treatments. In this review an overview of drugs …

Synapse dysfunction and loss are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases that correlate
with cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms and therapeutic strategies to prevent or …

Most animals live under constant threat from predators, and predation has been a major
selective force in shaping animal behaviour. Nevertheless, defence responses against …

The central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) is a brain region that integrates external and
internal sensory information and executes innate and adaptive behaviors through distinct …

When extreme, anxiety—a state of distress and arousal prototypically evoked by uncertain
danger—can be debilitating. Uncertain anticipation is a shared feature of situations that elicit …

Physical exercise is known to reduce anxiety, but the underlying brain mechanisms remain
unclear. Here, we explore a hypothalamo-cerebello-amygdalar circuit that may mediate …

Animal whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a non-invasive
window into brain activity. A collection of associated methods aims to replicate observations …

Diverse populations of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) throughout the brain mediate fast
inhibitory transmission and are modulated by various endogenous ligands and therapeutic …

Although the amygdala plays an important part in the pathogenesis of anxiety and
generation of exteroceptive fear, recent discoveries have challenged the directionality of this …