Glutamate is one of the most prevalent neurotransmitters released by excitatory neurons in
the central nervous system (CNS); however, residual glutamate in the extracellular space is …

In the past two decades, several advancements have improved the care of HIV-infected
individuals. Most importantly, the development and deployment of combination antiretroviral …

Brain tissue has a remarkable ability to accumulate glutamate. This ability is due to
glutamate transporter proteins present in the plasma membranes of both glial cells and …

Rapid removal of glutamate from the extracellular space is required for the survival and
normal function of neurons. Although glutamate transporters are expressed by all CNS cell …

Astrocytes in the brain form an intimately associated network with neurons. They respond to
neuronal activity and synaptically released glutamate by raising intracellular calcium …

This review focuses on the powerful pain facilitatory effects produced by the immune system.
Immune cells, activated in response to infection, inflammation, or trauma, release proteins …

Transient global ischemia, as with cardiac arrest, causes loss of CA1 hippocampal neurons
2–4 d later, whereas nearby dentate gyrus (DG) neurons are relatively resistant. Whether …

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)‐associated dementia is often characterized
by chronic inflammation, with infected macrophage infiltration of the CNS resulting in the …

During the development of the nervous system, populations of progenitor cells that
eventually become neurons and glia face the complex task of finding their way from their …

Astrocytes and microglia in the spinal cord have recently been reported to contribute to the
development of peripheral inflammation-induced exaggerated pain states. Both lowering of …