Corticosteroids play extremely important roles in fear and anxiety. The mechanisms by
which corticosteroids exert their effects on behavior are often indirect, because, although …

< jats: title> Abstract</jats: title>< jats: p> The sections in this article are:</jats: p>< jats:
sec>< jats: title> What is Emotion?</jats: title></jats: sec>< jats: sec>< jats: title> Brain and …

The observations presented in this review suggest that glucocorticoids are one of the
biological substrates of reward. These hormones are secreted in response to rewarding …

Excitatory Pavlovian conditioning of a discrete CS is attenuated by prior exposure to the
UCS. The UCS preexposure phenomenon is observed in a variety of Pavlovian conditioning …

The effects of stress upon emotionality, and of emotionality upon the open field activity of rats
have now been studied for over four decades. Controversy remains however regarding the …

The quest to understand brain mechanisms underlying depressive illness has led many
investigators over the past four decades to study the interactions between the brain and the …

Extended previous findings that when rats avoid and/or escape electric shock that is not
preceded by a warning signal, considerable gastric ulceration normally develops. In an …

Different levels of circulating corticosterone are considered to produce different emotional
states and effects on learning and memory. The purpose of the present study was to use …

Rats were immobilised for 2 h/day. Twenty four hours after the 1, 3 or 7 immobilisation
periods they were injected with the 5HT agonist 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine …

Prior studies assessing the relation between negative affective traits and cortisol have
yielded inconsistent results. Two studies assessed the relation between individual …