Virus-like particles (VLPs) are virus-derived structures made up of one or more different
molecules with the ability to self-assemble, mimicking the form and size of a virus particle but …

Over the past decades, great interest has been given to biomimetic nanoparticles (BNPs)
since the rise of targeted drug delivery systems and biomimetic nanotechnology. Biological …

Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) encompass a diverse array of naturally occurring nanomaterials
derived from plant viruses, bacteriophages, and mammalian viruses. The application and …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanostructures assemble from viral proteins. Besides widely
used for vaccine development, VLPs have also been explored as nanocarriers for cargo …

Conventional drug delivery systems are challenged by concerns related to systemic toxicity,
repetitive doses, drug concentrations fluctuation, and adverse effects. Various drug delivery …

Highlights•Virus-like particles (VLPs) are versatile structuresfor drug-delivery applications.•
Mutations to VLP structural proteins can improve VLP drug delivery.•VLP–cargo loading …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) are empty, nanoscale structures morphologically resembling
viruses. Internal cavity, noninfectious, and particulate nature with a high density of repeating …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are promising targets in cancer immunotherapy due to their role in
activating the immune system; therefore, various small-molecule TLR agonists have been …

Protein cage nanoparticles have a unique spherical hollow structure that provides a
modifiable interior space and an exterior surface. For full application, it is desirable to utilize …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have natural structural antigens similar to those found in viruses,
making them valuable in vaccine immunization. Furthermore, VLPs have demonstrated …