Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate …

Glutamate serves as both the mammalian brain's primary excitatory neurotransmitter and as
a key neuromodulator to control synapse and circuit function over a wide range of spatial …

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), early synaptic dysfunction is associated with the increased
oligomeric amyloid-beta peptide, which causes NMDAR-dependent synaptic depression …

N-Methyl-D-aspartate ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDARs) play key roles in
synaptogenesis, synaptic maturation, long-term plasticity, neuronal network activity, and …

Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported to improve
various forms of learning in humans. Stimulation is often applied during training, producing …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a central component in signaling networks in a
multitude of mammalian cell types. This review covers recent advances on specific functions …

In many parts of the nervous system, experience-dependent refinement of neuronal circuits
predominantly involves synapse elimination. The role of sleep in this process remains …

Excitation–transcription coupling (E–TC) links synaptic and cellular activity to nuclear gene
transcription. It is generally accepted that E–TC makes a crucial contribution to learning and …

Beta-amyloid (Aβ) depresses excitatory synapses by a poorly understood mechanism
requiring NMDA receptor (NMDAR) function. Here, we show that increased PSD-95, a major …

A myriad of environmental and genetic factors, as well as the physiologic process of aging,
contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Neuroinflammation is and has been a …