Phylogenetic methods for the analysis of species data are widely used in evolutionary
studies. However, preliminary data transformations and data reduction procedures (such as …

Vertebrate dentitions originated in the posterior pharynx of jawless fishes more than half a
billion years ago. As gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) evolved, teeth developed on oral …

Abstract Background Damselfishes (Perciformes, Pomacentridae) are a major component of
coral reef communities, and the functional diversity of their trophic anatomy is an important …

Morphological traits typically scale with the overall body size of an organism. A meaningful
comparison of trait values among individuals or populations that differ in size therefore …

Whole genome sequences are beginning to revolutionize our understanding of phylogenetic
relationships. Yet, even whole genome sequences can fail to resolve the evolutionary …

Differences in brain region size among species are thought to arise late in development via
adaptive control over neurogenesis, as cells of previously patterned compartments …

Many species of fish display morphological divergence between individuals feeding on
macroinvertebrates associated with littoral habitats (benthic morphotypes) and individuals …

Abstract Background Cichlid fish from East Africa are remarkable for phenotypic and
behavioral diversity on a backdrop of genomic similarity. In 2006, the Joint Genome Institute …

Morphological convergence plays a central role in the study of evolution. Often induced by
shared ecological specialization, homoplasy hints at underlying selective pressures and …

Divergence along a benthic to limnetic habitat axis is ubiquitous in aquatic systems.
However, this type of habitat divergence has largely been examined in low diversity, high …