Behavior is an important mechanism of evolution and it is paid for through energy
expenditure. Nevertheless, field biologists can rarely observe animals for more than a …

The use of flying robots (drones) is increasing rapidly, but their utility is limited by high power
demand, low specific energy storage and poor gust tolerance. By contrast, birds …

For 150 million years, the skies didn't belong to birds--they belonged to the pterosaurs.
These flying reptiles, which include the pterodactyls, shared the world with the nonavian …

Flight costs are predicted to vary with environmental conditions, and this should ultimately
determine the movement capacity and distributions of large soaring birds. Despite this, little …

Quetzalcoatlus is the largest flying organism ever known and one of the most familiar
pterosaurs to the public. Despite a half century of interest, it remains very incompletely …

Little is known about the reproductive strategies and mating behaviour of most sharks.
Understanding mating behaviour is important as it can determine reproductive success and …

Which animals use their energy better during movement? One metric to answer this question
is the energy cost per unit distance per unit weight. Prior data show that this metric …

The size and flight mechanics of giant pterosaurs have received considerable research
interest for the last century but are confused by conflicting interpretations of pterosaur …

Background Fine-scale data on animal position are increasingly enabling us to understand
the details of animal movement ecology and dead-reckoning, a technique integrating motion …

Most birds can navigate seamlessly between aerial and terrestrial environments. Whereas
the forelimbs evolved into wings primarily for flight, the hindlimbs serve diverse functions …