Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the important mediators of inflammatory pathways in the gut
which play a major role in mediating the immune responses towards a wide variety of …

The gut microbiota is a central regulator of host metabolism. The composition and function of
the gut microbiota is dynamic and affected by diet properties such as the amount and …

The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to
cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited …

The frequently studied polysaccharide, chitosan oligosaccharide/chitooligosaccharide
(COS) is the major degradation product of chitosan/chitin via chemical hydrolysis or …

Atherosclerosis is one type of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in which activation of the
NLRP3 inflammasome and toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways is implicated. One of the most …

Inhibition of immune regulatory checkpoints, such as CTLA-4 and the PD-1-PD-L1 axis, is at
the forefront of immunotherapy for cancers of various histological types. However, such …

Abstract Background Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) are the degraded products
prepared from the deacetylation and depolymerization of chitin or chitosan using physical …

Infections have been linked to the development of cardiovascular disease and
atherosclerosis. Findings from the past decade have identified microbial ecosystems …

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of respiratory failure in
critically ill patients and is defined by the acute onset of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a leading cause of mortality worldwide and establishes a
long-lived latent infection in a substantial proportion of the human population. Multiple lines …