Introduction: All epidemiological studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency is prevalent
among the Polish general population. Since vitamin D deficiency was shown to be among …

The etiology of endemic rickets was discovered a century ago. Vitamin D is the precursor of
25-hydroxyvitamin D and other metabolites, including 1, 25 (OH) 2D, the ligand for the …

Aims Low vitamin D status is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases
(CVDs). Although most existing linear Mendelian randomization (MR) studies reported a null …

The principal source of vitamin D in humans is its biosynthesis in the skin through a
chemical reaction dependent on sun exposure. In lesser amounts, the vitamin can be …

Vitamin D deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency, affecting almost one billion
people worldwide. Vitamin D is mostly known for its role in intestinal calcium absorption and …

Background Randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation for cardiovascular disease and
all-cause mortality have generally reported null findings. However, generalisability of results …

Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D)< 50 nmol/L or 20 ng/mL) is
common in Europe and the Middle East. It occurs in< 20% of the population in Northern …

1, 25-Dihydroxvitamin D3 [1, 25 (OH) 2D3] is the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The
genomic mechanism of 1, 25 (OH) 2D3 action involves the direct binding of the 1, 25 (OH) …

Objectives: Review the risk factors for coronary artery disease. Outline screening
recommendations for coronary artery disease. Identify diet and exercise recommendations …

Abstract The Third International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D was held in
Gubbio, Italy, September 10–13, 2019. The conference was held as a follow up to previous …