The current mainstay treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) consists of dopamine
replacement therapy which, in addition to causing several side effects, does not delay …

Visual prostheses are implantable medical devices that are able to provide some degree of
vision to individuals who are blind. This research field is a challenging subject in both …

Epilepsy affects 1% of the general population and 30% of patients are resistant to
antiepileptic drugs. Although optogenetics is an efficient antiepileptic strategy, the difficulty of …

Verifying causal effects of neural circuits is essential for proving a direct circuit-behavior
relationship. However, techniques for tagging only active neurons with high spatiotemporal …

Although molecular tools for controlling neuronal activity by light have vastly expanded,
there are still unmet needs which require development and refinement. For example, light …

Background Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder with complex pathogenic
mechanisms, and refractory epilepsy often lacks effective treatments. Gene therapy is a …

Although optogenetic techniques have proven to be invaluable for manipulating and
understanding complex neural dynamics over the past decade, they still face practical and …

Optogenetics is a powerful and rapidly expanding set of techniques that use genetically
encoded light sensitive proteins such as opsins. Through the selective expression of these …

Epilepsy is the quintessential circuit disorder, with seizure activity propagating through
anatomically constrained pathways. These pathways, necessary for normal sensory, motor …

Optogenetics transforms specific types of neurons through genetic engineering to achieve
the cell membrane expression of photosensitive channel protein. When a specific …