Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used to provide illumination in industrial and
commercial environments. LEDs are also used in TVs, computers, smart phones, and …

Light has profoundly influenced the evolution of life on earth. As widely appreciated, light
enables us to generate images of our environment. However, light—through intrinsically …

Light profoundly affects our mental and physical health. In particular, light, when not
delivered at the appropriate time, may have detrimental effects. In mammals, light is …

Background Light exposure can cascade numerous effects on the human circadian process
via the non-imaging forming system, whose spectral relevance is highest in the short …

Introduction Light elicits a range of non‐visual responses in humans. Driven predominantly
by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), but also by rods and/or cones …

Sleep disturbance is increasingly recognized as an important, but understudied, mechanism
in the complex and multi-factorial causation of the symptoms and functional disability …

Light exerts a wide range of effects on mammalian physiology and behavior. As well as
synchronizing circadian rhythms to the external environment, light has been shown to …

Nocturnal white light exposure has shown marked results on subjective and objective
indicators of alertness, vitality and mood, yet effects of white light during daytime and under …

Light exerts powerful non-visual effects on a wide range of biological functions and
behavior. In humans, light is intuitively linked with an alert or wakeful state. Compared to the …

Objectives Specifications and standards for lighting installations in occupational settings are
based on the spectral sensitivity of the classical visual system and do not take into account …