Mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species in the cell. These reactive
oxygen species have long been known as being involved in oxidative stress. This is a …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect many cellular functions and the proper redox balance
between ROS and antioxidants contributes substantially to the physiological welfare of the …

Ferroptosis is a programmed iron-dependent cell death associated with peroxidation of
lipids particularly, phospholipids. Several studies suggested a possible contribution of …

Protein oxidative modifications, also known as protein oxidation, are a major class of protein
posttranslational modifications. They are caused by reactions between protein amino acid …

Abnormal glucose metabolism is central to neurodegeneration, and considerable evidence
suggests that abnormalities in key enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle underlie the …

The role of mitochondria in oxidative stress is well recognized, but many questions are still to
be answered. This article is intended to update our comprehensive review in 2005 by …

It is now well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species
(RNS), and a basal level of oxidative stress are essential for cell survival. It is also well …

An intermediate of tricarboxylic acid cycle alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is involved in
pleiotropic metabolic and regulatory pathways in the cell, including energy production …

Diabetes and its complications are caused by chronic glucotoxicity driven by persistent
hyperglycemia. In this article, we review the mechanisms of diabetic glucotoxicity by …

Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) can form superoxide during forward electron
flow (NADH-oxidizing) or, at sufficiently high protonmotive force, during reverse electron …