Based on a short introduction to the dielectric properties of water and aqueous solutions, this
review summarizes current techniques of electromagnetic aquametry. The techniques …

A vital natural ecosystem balance including seed sprouting, plant nutrition and growth, water
infiltration, plant transpiration, redistribution, evaporation, and percolation relies on …

In most water distribution systems, a fairly sizable amount of water is lost because of leaks
and faults in pipes. For this reason, the individuation of leaks is extremely important for the …

Soil monitoring is a key topic from several perspectives, such as moisture level control for
irrigation management and anti-contamination purposes. Monitoring the latter is becoming …

Soil water content (SWC) monitoring is often used to optimize agricultural irrigation.
Commonly, capacitance sensors are used for this task. However, the factory calibrations …

The characterization of the relationship between volumetric soil water content (θ) and bulk
electrical conductivity (EC)(or electrical resistivity) is of high interest in fields of engineering …

Measuring soil moisture by the dielectric method is considered. It was revealed that the
complex dielectric permeability (CDP) affects the readings of sensors using different …

We have developed a generalized frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) technique for soil
characterization that is based on an electromagnetic model decoupling the cable and probe …

In this paper, a time domain reflectometry-based system for locating leaks in underground
pipes (made of any material) is presented. The proposed system simply requires that a …

This study investigates variations in the velocity and sensitivity of electromagnetic waves in
transmission lines configured in defective model piles for the detection of necking defects …