Symbioses between plants and beneficial soil microorganisms like arbuscular-mycorrhizal
fungi (AMF) are known to promote plant growth and help plants to cope with biotic and …

Plant hormones have pivotal roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and
reproduction. Additionally, they emerged as cellular signal molecules with key functions in …

Bidirectional root–shoot signalling is probably key in orchestrating stress responses and
ensuring plant survival. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana responses to microbial root …

A number of different types of induced resistance have been defined based on differences in
signalling pathways and spectra of effectiveness, including systemic acquired resistance …

Plant growth and response to environmental cues are largely governed by phytohormones.
The plant hormones ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid (SA) play a central role in the …

Higher plants synthesize an amazing diversity of phenolic secondary metabolites. Phenolics
are defined secondary metabolites or natural products because, originally, they were …

Plants live in complex environments in which they intimately interact with a broad range of
microbial pathogens with different lifestyles and infection strategies. The evolutionary arms …

Despite significant advances in crop protection, plant diseases cause a 20% yield loss in
food and cash crops worldwide. Therefore, interactions between plants and pathogens have …

The oomycete Plasmopara viticola is native to North America and was accidentally
introduced into Europe at the end of the 19th century, where it caused widespread damage …

Plants have the ability to recognize and respond to a multitude of microorganisms.
Recognition of pathogens results in a massive reprogramming of the plant cell to activate …