Amino acid metabolism is a critical regulator of the immune response, and its modulating
becomes a promising approach in various forms of immunotherapy. Insufficient …

Macrophages are endowed with a variety of receptors for lineage-determining growth
factors, T helper (Th) cell cytokines, and B cell, host, and microbial products. In tissues …

Classically (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages exhibit distinct phenotypes
and functions. It has been difficult to dissect macrophage phenotypes in vivo, where a …

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) comprises several molecular subtypes, including proneural
GBM. Most therapeutic approaches targeting glioma cells have failed. An alternative strategy …

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) derive from fetal liver monocytes, which colonize the lung
during embryonic development and give rise to fully mature AMs perinatally. AM …

The concept of an alternative pathway of macrophage activation has stimulated interest in its
definition, mechanism, and functional significance in homeostasis and disease. We assess …

Macrophages from the peripheral circulation and those derived from resident microglia are
among the main effector cells of the inflammatory response that follows spinal cord trauma …

The foreign body reaction (FBR) is a response of the host tissue against more or less
degradation-resistant foreign macromolecular material. The reaction is divided into five …

The macrophage, a versatile cell type prominently involved in host defense and immunity,
assumes a distinct state of alternative activation in the context of polarized type 2 immune …

Immune dysregulation is characteristic of the more severe stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Understanding the mechanisms by which the immune system contributes to COVID-19 …