PI3-kinase and PTEN are major positive and negative regulators, respectively, of the PI3-
kinase pathway, which regulates growth, survival, and proliferation. These key signaling …

Our understanding of endometrial cancer has evolved through improvements in molecular
biology, allowing improved definition of target-specific therapies. The precise role and …

Abstract The phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K) pathway is activated in many human
cancers. In addition to inactivation of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene, mutations or …

Purpose: To investigate the overall occurrence and relationship of genetic alterations in the
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in thyroid tumors and explore the scope of …

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract in the
Western world. Approximately 80% of cases are well-to moderately differentiated …

Phosphatase and TENsin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a tumor
suppressor gene located at chromosome 10q23. 31, encoding for a 403-amino acid protein …

In the Western world, endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignant tumour of the
female genital tract and the fourth most common cancer in women after carcinomas of …

N-myc down-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) is a known metastasis suppressor in multiple
cancers, being also involved in embryogenesis and development, cell growth and …

PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) is a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates
the PI3K–AKT signaling pathway, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of endometrial …

Mutations in genes functioning in different pathways frequently occur together in the same
cancer, whereas mutations in the same pathway tend to be mutually exclusive. However, the …