Over the past two decades, compelling evidence has emerged indicating that immune
mechanisms can contribute to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and …

Abstract Treatment resistance affects 20–60% of patients with psychiatric disorders; and is
associated with increased healthcare burden and costs up to ten-fold higher relative to …

Abstract Treatment outcomes for major depressive disorder (MDD) need to be improved.
Presently, no clinically relevant tools have been established for stratifying subgroups or …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of suicide in the world. Monoamine-
based antidepressant drugs are a primary line of treatment for this mental disorder, although …

Esketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression The FDA has approved esketamine, the first
antidepressant in a new class, for treatment-resistant depression. The agency weighed the …

Objective: Ketamine may reduce suicidal ideation in treatment-resistant depression. But it is
not known how quickly this occurs and how long it persists. We undertook a systematic …

Deep brain stimulation has been extensively studied as a therapeutic option for treatment-
resistant depression (TRD). DBS across different targets is associated with on average 60 …

Patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) have higher rates of relapse and
pronounced decreases in daily functioning and health-related quality of life compared to …

Objective: Deep brain stimulation of the subcallosal cingulate (SCC DBS) has been studied
as a potential treatment for severe and refractory major depressive disorder since 2005. The …

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 700,000 people die per year
due to suicide. Suicide risk factors include a previous suicide attempt and psychiatric …