Theoretical models on mutualism dynamics predict that partner traits may influence the
outcome of mutualistic interactions. However, most empirical data on this issue is restricted …

There is increasing evidence that the outcomes of mutualistic interactions between ants and
plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are context‐dependent. In particular, the total …

The net outcomes of mutualisms are mediated by the trade-offs between the costs and
benefits provided by both partners. Our review proposes the existence of a trade-off in ant …

Associational resistance (AR) is a positive interaction in which a plant suffers less herbivore
damage due to its association with a protective plant. Here, we evaluated whether plants …

Two species may share a mutualistic interaction if the benefits gained by the interaction
outweigh the costs incurred. In this study, we tested experimentally how the identity of ants …

Few studies have explored the phenotypic plasticity of nectar production on plant
attractiveness to ants. Here, we investigate the role of extrafloral nectary (EFN) size on the …

The Cerrado confronts threats such as fire and frost due to natural or human-induced factors.
These disturbances trigger attribute changes that impact biodiversity. Given escalating …

Mutualistic interactions between plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and ants are key
ecological processes in many ecosystems, particularly in the Neotropics. These interactions …

Extrafloral nectarized plants attract ants, which may protect them against herbivory and
increase plant fruit set production. In some cases, however, ants are ineffective against …

Chronic anthropogenic disturbance (CAD) and climate change represent two of the major
threats to biodiversity globally, but their combined effects are not well understood. Here we …