Hard biological materials—for example, seashells, bone or wood—fulfil critical structural
functions and display unique and attractive combinations of stiffness, strength and …

In this paper, we review analytical and computational models of bone fracture and strength.
Bone fracture is a complex phenomenon due to the composite, inhomogeneous and …

Bone volume, microstructure and its material composition are maintained by bone
remodelling, a cellular activity carried out by bone multicellular units (BMUs). BMUs are …

Abstract Purpose of Review Bone mineral density and systemic factors are used to assess
skeletal health in astronauts. Yet, even in a general population, these measures fail to …

Biocomposite systems evolve to superior structural strategies in adapting to their living
environments, using limited materials to form functionality superior to their inherent …

Type 1 collagen matrix volume, its degree of completeness of its mineralization, the extent of
collagen crosslinking and water content, and the non-collagenous proteins like osteopontin …

Large size bone defects have become a growing clinical challenge. Cancellous bone, which
has the highest volume ratio, the fastest replacement rate, and interconnected porous …

This review presents an overview of the characterization techniques available to
experimentally evaluate bone quality, defined as the geometric and material factors that …

Bone is a hierarchical composite material made up of ductile collagen phase, brittle
hydroxyapatite mineral crystals and water. These phases organise at multiple length scales …

For decades, collagen has been among the most widely used biomaterials with several
biomedical applications. Recently, researchers have shown a keen interest in collagen …