Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs.
Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively …

Many orally administered drugs must overcome several barriers before reaching their target
site. The first major obstacle to cross is the intestinal epithelium. Although lipophilic …

MDR1 (ABCB1), MRP2 (ABCC2), and BCRP (ABCG2) are members of the family of ATP
binding cassette (ABC) transporters. These are plasma membrane transporters that are …

Together with drug metabolising enzymes, transmembrane transporters are important
determinants of drug metabolism and drug clearance by the liver. Hepatic uptake of organic …

The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is an ATP-binding cassette drug efflux
transporter that extrudes xenotoxins from cells in intestine, liver, mammary gland, and other …

The passage of drugs across cell membranes dictates their absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion. This process is determined by several factors including the …

Multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) isoforms 1 through 6 mRNA are expressed in
the human intestine and Caco-2 cells. In Caco-2 cells, the rank order for mRNA expression …

Nowadays, over one fourth of all anticancer drugs are developed as oral formulations and
this percentage is expected to increase substantially. Oral administration of drugs is patient …

Drug bioavailability may vary greatly amongst individuals, affecting both efficacy and toxicity:
in humans, genetic variations account for a relevant proportion of such variability. In the last …

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are broad spectrum bactericidal drugs, which are widely
used in both human and veterinary medicine. These drugs can quite easily enter cells and …