The recent emergence of a novel avian A/H 7 N 9 influenza virus in poultry and humans in C
hina, as well as laboratory studies on adaptation and transmission of avian A/H 5 N 1 …

The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins of influenza A virus are
responsible for the surface interactions of the virion with the host. Entry of the virus is …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus can cause morbidity and mortality in
humans but thus far has not acquired the ability to be transmitted by aerosol or respiratory …

Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A viruses occasionally infect humans, but currently
do not transmit efficiently among humans. The viral haemagglutinin (HA) protein is a known …

Summary Recently, A/H5N1 influenza viruses were shown to acquire airborne
transmissibility between ferrets upon targeted mutagenesis and virus passage. The critical …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and
causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing …

Influenza A virus infection begins with the binding of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein to
sialic acid-containing receptors on the surface of the target cell. Avian influenza viruses …

Influenza A viruses cause respiratory infections that range from asymptomatic to deadly in
humans. Widespread outbreaks (pandemics) are attributable to 'novel'viruses that possess a …

Influenza A virus strains adopt different host specificities mainly depending on their
hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Via HA, the virus binds sialic acid receptors of the host cell and …

A wide range of influenza A viruses of pigs and birds have infected humans in the last
decade, sometimes with severe clinical consequences. Each of these so-called zoonotic …