BACKGROUND Although the ocean moderates anthropogenic climate change, this has
great impacts on its fundamental physics and chemistry, with important consequences for …

Of all the renewable energy sources (RESs)―except direct solar heat and light―wind
energy is believed to have the least adverse environmental impacts. It is also one of the RES …

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2° C compared to pre-
industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and …

Warming trends and increasing temperature extremes have been observed across most of
the Asian region over the past century (high confidence).{24.3} Increasing numbers of warm …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Climate change refugia in the terrestrial biosphere are areas where species are protected
from global environmental change and arise from natural heterogeneity in landscapes and …

Marine biodiversity plays an important role in providing the ecosystem functions and
services which humans derive from the oceans. Understanding how this provisioning will …

Carbon emissions in an industrialized world have created two problems for coral reefs:
climate change and ocean acidification. Climate change drives ocean warming, which …

Symbiotic scleractinian corals are particularly affected by climate change stress and respond
by bleaching (losing their symbiotic dinoflagellate partners). Recently, the energetic status of …

Climate change is already having profound effects on biodiversity, but climate change
adaptation has yet to be fully incorporated into area‐based management tools used to …