Aging is a gradual and irreversible pathophysiological process. It presents with declines in
tissue and cell functions and significant increases in the risks of various aging-related …

Every cell must satisfy basic requirements for nutrient sensing, utilization and recycling
through macromolecular breakdown to coordinate programmes for growth, repair and stress …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disorder and is the leading
cause of incurable blindness worldwide in the elderly. Clinically, AMD initially affects the …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the
aging population with limited understanding of its pathogenesis and a lack of effective …

Oxidative stress-induced damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is considered to
be a key factor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathology. RPE cells are …

Geroscience, the new interdisciplinary field that aims to understand the relationship between
aging and chronic age-related diseases (ARDs) and geriatric syndromes (GSs), is based on …

Inflammation is a cellular response to factors that challenge the homeostasis of cells and
tissues. Cell-associated and soluble pattern-recognition receptors, eg Toll-like receptors …

Glycative stress, caused by the accumulation of cytotoxic and irreversibly-formed sugar-
derived advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), contributes to morbidity associated with …

Rationale: Mitochondrial disorders preferentially affect tissues with high energy
requirements, such as the retina and corneal endothelium, in human eyes. Mesenchymal …

For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma,
and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently …