When data are not normally distributed, researchers are often uncertain whether it is
legitimate to use tests that assume Gaussian errors, or whether one has to either model a …

Sexual conflict is inescapable when two parents care for offspring, because providing care is
personally costly, while the benefits of successful reproduction are shared. Previous models …

In many species, individuals must contribute extensively to offspring care to reproduce
successfully. Within species, variation in care is driven by local social, physiological, and …

In bi-parental care systems each parent shares benefits with its unrelated partner from the
common investment in offspring, but pays an individual cost of providing that care, leading to …

The amount of care parents provide to the offspring is complicated by an evolutionary
conflict of interest ('sexual conflict') between the two parents. Recent theoretical models …

In most bird species, parents raise offspring cooperatively. In some cases, this cooperation
extends to helpers‐at‐the‐nest who assist the breeders with a range of tasks. While …

Long‐lived monogamous species gain long‐term fitness benefits by equalizing effort during
biparental care. For example, many seabird species coordinate care by matching foraging …

Background Parental care benefits the offspring, but comes at a cost for each parent, which
in biparental species gives rise to a conflict between partners regarding the within-pair …

Much of our current understanding of coordination, cooperation, and conflict between male
and female parents caring for their joint offspring derives from studies conducted on birds …

In species with biparental and cooperative brood care, multiple carers cooperate by
contributing costly investments to raise a shared brood. However, shared benefits and …