Extracellular vesicles releasing from various types of cells contribute to intercellular
communication via delivering bio-molecules like nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to …

Membrane fusion is an essential step when enveloped viruses enter cells. Lipid bilayer
fusion requires catalysis to overcome a high kinetic barrier; viral fusion proteins are the …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cell entry starts with
membrane attachment and ends with spike (S) protein–catalyzed membrane fusion …

Influenza A virions possess two surface glycoproteins—the hemagglutinin (HA) and
neuraminidase (NA)—which exert opposite functions. HA attaches virions to cells by binding …

Mitochondrial membrane dynamics is a cellular rheostat that relates metabolic function and
organelle morphology. Using an in vitro reconstitution system, we describe a mechanism for …

The interferon-inducible transmembrane protein (IFITM) family inhibits a growing number of
pathogenic viruses, among them influenza A virus, dengue virus, hepatitis C virus, and …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain of
coronavirus and the causative agent of the current global pandemic of coronavirus disease …

Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is the canonical type I viral envelope glycoprotein and
provides a template for the membrane-fusion mechanisms of numerous viruses. The current …

In biomembrane fusion pathways, membranes are destabilized through insertions of
amphipathic protein segments, lipid reorganization via hemifusion, protein restructuring, and …

Infection by enveloped coronaviruses (CoVs) initiates with viral spike (S) proteins binding to
cellular receptors, and is followed by proteolytic cleavage of receptor-bound S proteins …