Over 20 years ago, the pyrrolysine encoding translation system was discovered in specific
archaea. Our Review provides an overview of how the once obscure pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

The development of new orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs has led to the
addition of approximately 70 unnatural amino acids (UAAs) to the genetic codes of …

Biomaterials have played an enormous role in the success of medical devices and drug
delivery systems. We discuss here new challenges and directions in biomaterials research …

Polymers that can respond to external stimuli are of great interest in medicine, especially as
controlled drug release vehicles. In this critical review, we consider the types of stimulus …

International interest in nanoscience research has flourished in recent years, as it becomes
an integral part in the development of future technologies. The diverse, interdisciplinary …

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and-9, also known as the gelatinases have been
long recognized as major contributors to the proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix …

The goal of xenobiology is to design biological systems endowed with unusual biochemical
functions, whereas enzymology concerns the study of enzymes, the workhorses of …

Methods for engineering proteins that contain non-canonical amino acids have advanced
rapidly in the past few years. Novel amino acids can be introduced into recombinant proteins …

The genetic code—the language used by cells to translate their genomes into proteins that
perform many cellular functions—is highly conserved throughout natural life. Rewriting the …

Over the years, several chemical reactions have been developed that enable the covalent
conjugation of synthetic molecules to natural proteins. The resulting bioconjugates have …