Chronic (continuous, non-interrupted) hypoxia and cycling (intermittent, transient) hypoxia
are two types of hypoxia occurring in malignant tumors. They are both associated with the …

Oxygen in the atmosphere is a crucial component for life-sustaining aerobic respiration in
humans. Approximately 95% of oxygen is consumed as energy and ultimately becomes …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived, ubiquitous signaling molecule that affects numerous critical
functions in the body. There are markedly conflicting findings in the literature regarding the …

Cancer immunotherapeutic approaches induce tumor-specific immune responses, in
particular CTL responses, in many patients treated. However, such approaches are clinically …

Arginine, a semi‐essential amino acid in humans, is critical for the growth of human cancers,
particularly those marked by de novo chemoresistance and a poor clinical outcome. In …

Evidence has emerged in the last two decades that at the molecular level most chronic
diseases, including cancer, are caused by a dysregulated inflammatory response. The …

Immunotherapy using autologous T cells has emerged to be a powerful treatment option for
patients with metastatic melanoma. These include the adoptive transfer of autologous tumor …

It is now little disputed that most if not all cancer cells express antigens that can be
recognized by specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. However, a central question in the field of anti …

Cancer immunotherapy often depends on recognition of peptide epitopes by cytotoxic T
lymphocytes (CTLs). The tumor microenvironment (TME) is enriched for peroxynitrite (PNT) …

Immunotherapy approaches for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have met with
limited success. It has been postulated that a low mutation load may lead to a paucity of T …