Abstract Background and Purpose Chronic gastric symptoms are common, however
differentiating specific contributing mechanisms in individual patients remains challenging …

Data-driven digital health technologies have the power to transform health care. If these
tools could be sustainably delivered at scale, they might have the potential to provide …

Current American Thoracic Society (ATS) standards promote the use of race and ethnicity-
specific reference equations for pulmonary function test (PFT) interpretation. There is rising …

This Review will describe the increasing importance of the concepts of biological variation to
clinical chemists. The idea of comparison to 'reference'is fundamental in measurement. For …

The changing epidemiology of liver disease, and modifications in the recommended
analytical methodology call for a re‐evaluation of the upper reference limits (URLs) of …

Now in a fully up-to-date 6th Edition, Pickwell's Binocular Vision Anomalies provides a
practical introduction to binocular vision, offering comprehensive theory, how-to clinical …

Standardized lab tests are central for patient evaluation, differential diagnosis and treatment.
Interpretation of these data is nevertheless lacking quantitative and personalized metrics …

Clinical laboratory test results alone are of little value in diagnosing, treating, and monitoring
health conditions; as such, a clinically actionable cutoff or reference interval is required to …

Introduction Symptoms experienced when using digital devices are known as digital
eyestrain (DES) or computer vision syndrome. They can be categorised as either external …

Reference intervals (RIs) and clinical decision limits (CDLs) are frequently established to
facilitate interpretation of values of endocrine biomarkers in the diagnosis of disease …