In this review, we discuss the connections between mitochondria and the gut microbiome
provided by reactive oxygen species (ROS). We examine the mitochondrion as an …

The NOX/DUOX family of NADPH oxidases are transmembrane proteins generating reactive
oxygen species as their primary enzymatic products. NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1–5 and Dual …

Membranes are of outmost importance to allow for specific signal transduction due to their
ability to localize, amplify, and direct signals. However, due to the double-edged nature of …

Neonicotinoid insecticides are common agrochemicals that are used to kill pest insects and
improve crop yield. However, sublethal exposure can exert unintentional toxicity to honey …

Abstract Background Vitamin C (VC) is an indispensable antioxidant and co-factor for
optimal function and development of eukaryotic cells. In animals, VC can be synthesized by …

Frequent exposure to mechanistic damages, pathological ingression, and chronic
inflammation leads to recurrent cell death in the gut epithelium. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) …

The development of the embryonic lung demands complex endodermal–mesodermal
interactions, which are regulated by a variety of signaling proteins. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling …

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an essential role in the growth, development,
and homeostatis of many tissues in vertebrates and invertebrates. Much of what is known …

Mosquitoes are exposed to oxidative challenges throughout their life cycle. The primary
challenge comes from a blood meal. The blood digestion turns the midgut into an oxidative …

In the arthropod gut, commensal microbiota maintain the immune deficiency (Imd)/Relish
pathway for expression of antimicrobial peptides, whereas pathogenic bacteria induce dual …