The pupil reacts to the amount of light reaching the eye. It reduces its size when the light is
high and dilates at low light levels to allow the entrance of more photons. This behavior is …

Melanopsin-mediated visual and non-visual functions are difficult to study in vivo. To isolate
melanopsin responses, non-standard light stimulation instruments are required, with at least …

Independent spatiotemporal control of the stimulation of the five photoreceptor classes
requires a display with as many primary lights to probe their isolated spatial and temporal …

The normal human retina contains several classes of photosensitive cell—rods for low-light
vision, three cone classes for daylight vision, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion …

The pupil modulates the amount of light that reaches the retina. Not only luminance but also
the spectral distribution defines the pupil size. Previous research has identified steady-state …

Human photoreceptors consist of cones, rods, and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically
photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). First studied in circadian regulation and …

Our visual system uses contextual cues to estimate the brightness of surfaces: brightness
can shift towards (assimilation) or away from (contrast) the brightness of the surround. We …

Abstract Study Objectives Melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells, which provide light
information to time sleep and entrain circadian clocks, also influence perceived brightness …

Recent advancements in clinical research have identified the need to combine pupillometry
with a selective stimulation of the eye's photoreceptor cell types to broaden retinal and …

The normal human retina contains several classes of photosensitive cell—rods for low-light
vision, three cone classes for daylight vision, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion …