Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of
cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over …

In the developing brain, dendrite branches and dendritic spines form and turn over
dynamically. By contrast, most dendrite arbors and dendritic spines in the adult brain are …

Proper brain function requires a substantial energy supply, up to 20% of whole-body energy
in humans, and brain activation produces large dynamic variations in energy demand. While …

Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are powerful tools used to track chemical
processes in intact biological systems. However, the development and optimization of …

A variety of genetically encoded reporters use changes in fluorescence (or Förster)
resonance energy transfer (FRET) to report on biochemical processes in living cells. The …

Abstract The Rho family of GTPases have important roles in the morphogenesis of the
dendritic spines,, of neurons in the brain and synaptic plasticity,,,,, by modulating the …

The brain is complex and dynamic. The spatial scales of interest to the neurobiologist range
from individual synapses (∼ 1 μm) to neural circuits (centimeters); the timescales range from …

We report a technique for two-photon fluorescence imaging with cellular resolution in
awake, behaving mice with minimal motion artifact. The apparatus combines an upright …

Orange-red fluorescent proteins (FPs) are widely used in biomedical research for
multiplexed epifluorescence microscopy with GFP-based probes, but their different …

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) plays a central part in long-term
potentiation (LTP), which underlies some forms of learning and memory. Here we monitored …