Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational,
and cognitive-evaluative components. Pain aversiveness is one principal cause of suffering …

Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

Opioid receptors (ORs) precisely modulate behavior when activated by native peptide
ligands but distort behaviors to produce pathology when activated by non-peptide drugs. A …

Pain thresholds are, in part, set as a function of emotional and internal states by descending
modulation of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. Neurons of the rostral …

The NOP receptor (nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide receptor) is the most recently
discovered member of the opioid receptor family and, together with its endogenous ligand …

Drug addiction is a worldwide societal problem and public health burden, and results from
recreational drug use that develops into a complex brain disorder. The opioid system, one of …

Opioids are the most commonly used and effective analgesic treatments for severe pain, but
they have recently come under scrutiny owing to epidemic levels of abuse and overdose …

Intracellular G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be activated by permeant ligands,
which contributes to agonist selectivity. Opioid receptors (ORs) provide a notable example …

Comorbidity is a major issue in psychiatry that notably associates with more severe
symptoms, longer illness duration, and higher service utilization. Therefore, identifying key …

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) compose one of the largest families of membrane
proteins involved in intracellular signaling. They are involved in numerous physiological and …