The arginase enzyme developed in early life forms and was maintained during evolution. As
the last step in the urea cycle, arginase cleaves l-arginine to form urea and l-ornithine. The …

M1 and M2 macrophage-type responses kill or repair in vivo. The unique ability of
macrophages to make these polar opposite type of responses provides primary host …

Macrophages are abundant in almost all tissues of all multicellular organisms, estimated to
total 10 10 cells in adult humans. Macrophage function is essential for health, as strikingly …

Arginase has roots in early life-forms. It converts L-arginine to urea and ornithine. The former
provides protection against NH 3; the latter serves to stimulate cell growth and other …

Macrophages are not only essential components of innate immunity that contribute to host
defense against infections, but also tumor growth and the maintenance of tissue …

Bone metabolism is tightly regulated by the immune system. Accelerated bone destruction is
observed in many bone diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, fracture, and particle …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of disability in worldwide population, which is
characterized by cartilage breakdown, synovial fibrosis, osteophyte formation and pain …

The explosion of new information in recent years on the origin of macrophages in the steady-
state and in the context of inflammation has opened up numerous new avenues of …

Tissue-resident macrophages represent a group of highly responsive innate immune cells
that acquire diverse functions by polarizing toward distinct subpopulations. The …

Lung macrophages (LMs) are essential immune effector cells that are pivotal in both innate
and adaptive immune responses to inhaled foreign matter. They either reside within the …