Dendritic cells (DCs) can be viewed as translators between innate and adaptive immunity.
They integrate signals derived from tissue infection or damage and present processed …

The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body and, as such, hosts a wide
range of immunologic functions alongside its roles in hematopoiesis and red blood cell …

The chemokines (or chemotactic cytokines) are a large family of small, secreted proteins that
signal through cell surface G protein‐coupled heptahelical chemokine receptors. They are …

During the last two decades, an increasing number of reports have pointed out that the
immunogenicity of polyethylene glycol (PEG) may trigger accelerated blood clearance …

B cells can present antigens to CD4+ T cells, but it is thought that dendritic cells (DCs) are
the primary initiators of naive CD4+ T cell responses. Nanoparticles, including virus-like …

Protective responses to microorganisms involve the nonspecific but rapid defence
mechanisms of the innate immune system, followed by the specific but slow defence …

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a membrane-derived lysophospholipid that acts primarily
as an extracellular signaling molecule. Signals initiated by S1P are transduced by five G …

Antibodies are powerful modulators of ongoing and future B cell responses. While the
concept of antibody feedback has been appreciated for over a century, the topic has seen a …

Much has been learned about how cells enter lymphoid tissues. But how do they leave?
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has emerged over the past decade as a central mediator of …

The potent lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is produced inside cells by two
closely related kinases, sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) and SPHK2, and has emerged as a …