Blood is conventionally thought to be sterile. However, emerging evidence on the blood
microbiome has started to challenge this notion. Recent reports have revealed the presence …

Intracranial aneurysms (IA) are the most common cerebral vascular pathologies. Their
rupture leads to the most dangerous subtype of stroke—aneurysmal subarachnoid …

Objective Mounting evidence has linked microbiome and metabolome to systemic
autoimmunity and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a rare …

Giant cell arteritis is the most common form of large vessel vasculitis and preferentially
involves large and medium-sized arteries in patients over the age of 50. Aggressive wall …

The microbial community acts as an active player in maintaining homeostasis and immune
functions through a continuous and changeable cross-talk with the host immune system …

Background Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is an autoimmune large vessel vasculitis that affects
the aorta and its major branches, eventually leading to the development of aortic aneurysm …

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a noninfectious granulomatous vasculitis of unknown etiology
affecting individuals older than 50 years. Two forms of GCA have been identified: a cranial …

The microbiome has been implicated in small-, medium-, large-, and variable-vessel
vasculitis. Dysbiosis can frequently be found in vasculitis patients with altered microbial …

Background Perioperative anaphylaxis is a rare and acute systemic manifestation of drug-
induced hypersensitivity reactions that occurs following anesthesia induction; the two main …

Background/Objectives: Evidence of the association between the gut microbiome and
cardiovascular diseases has accumulated. An imbalance or dysbiosis of this system has …