Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological
processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms …

An increasingly powerful approach for studying brain circuits relies on targeting genetically
encoded sensors and effectors to specific cell types. However, current approaches for this …

Reversible silencing of neuronal activity is a powerful approach for isolating the roles of
specific neuronal populations in circuit dynamics and behavior. In contrast with neuronal …

The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of
spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement …

It has been known for more than 70 years that synaptic strength is dynamically regulated in a
use-dependent manner. At synapses with a low initial release probability, closely spaced …

Fear-related disorders are thought to reflect strong and persistent fear memories. The
basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) form strong reciprocal …

The optogenetic revolution is transforming neuroscience. The dramatic recent progress in
using light to both control and read out neural activity has highlighted the need for better …

The deepest layer of the cortex (layer 6b [L6b]) contains relatively few neurons, but it is the
only cortical layer responsive to the potent wake-promoting neuropeptide orexin/hypocretin …

Survival depends on a balance between seeking rewards and avoiding potential threats, but
the neural circuits that regulate this motivational conflict remain largely unknown. Using an …