Graves' disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in developed Countries.
It is more common between 30 and 60 years; 5–10 times more frequent in women. The …

Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), now considered the most common autoimmune disease, was
described over a century ago as a pronounced lymphoid goiter affecting predominantly …

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) result from a dysregulation of the immune system
leading to an immune attack on the thyroid. AITD are T cell-mediated organ-specific …

The last 10 years have seen some progress in understanding the etiology of autoimmune
thyroid disease (AITD). The female preponderance can now be explained–at least in part …

Current smoking in population surveys is associated with a slight dose‐dependent fall of
serum TSH, likely secondary to a rise of serum FT 4 and FT 3 induced by activation of the …

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is part of a spectrum of thyroid autoimmune conditions and this
review provides an update on the latest developments in the field. HT has a genetic …

The association between smoke habit and autoimmunity has been hypothesized a long time
ago. Smoke has been found to play a pathogenic role in certain autoimmune disease as it …

Obesity and thyroid diseases are common disorders in the general population and they
frequently occur in single individuals. Alongside a chance association, a direct relationship …

Thyroid hormone deficiency can have important repercussions. Treatment with thyroid
hormone in replacement doses is essential in patients with hypothyroidism. In this review …

Genetic factors contribute for about 70% to 80% and environmental factors for about 20% to
30% to the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Relatives of AITD patients …