Dopamine regulates reward-related behavior through the mesolimbic dopaminergic
pathway. Stress affects dopamine levels and dopaminergic neuronal activity in the …

Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

Learning to predict rewards based on environmental cues is essential for survival. It is
believed that animals learn to predict rewards by updating predictions whenever the …

The ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA-DA) mesolimbic circuit processes emotional,
motivational, and social reward associations together with their more demanding cognitive …

Chronic pain is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by sensory, cognitive,
and affective symptoms. Over the past 2 decades, researchers have made significant …

The dopamine system is unique among the brain's modulatory systems in that it has discrete
projections to specific brain regions involved in motor behaviour, cognition and emotion …

Depression is a complex disorder that takes an enormous toll on individual health. As
affected individuals display a wide variation in their clinical symptoms, the precise neural …

New approaches to the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are needed to
address the reported crisis in PTSD drug development. These new approaches may require …

Background The psychostimulant properties of caffeine are reviewed and compared with
those of prototypical psychostimulants able to cause substance use disorders (SUD) …

Chronic social isolation stress during adolescence induces susceptibility for
neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we show that 5-week post-weaning isolation stress …