The conceptual problems arising in the definition and measurement of temperature in non-
equilibrium states are discussed in this paper in situations where the local-equilibrium …

Abstract “Intermediate energy heavy-ions (10–100 MeV/u) are the most powerful tool to
study hot nuclear matter properties”. In this paper we give a review of experimental and …

Complex fragments of 3< Z⪅ 35 have been detected in the reverse-kinematics reactions of
93Nb plus 9Be, 12C and 27Al at bombarding energies of E/A= 11.4, 14.7 and 18.0 MeV …

Complex fragments with atomic numbers intermediate between that of the target and
projectile have been detected in the reverse-kinematics reactions of 93Nb plus 9Be and …

We present a new technique for the determination of the reaction plane in heavy-ion
reactions at incident energies ranging from the Fermi energy up to≊ 100 MeV/nucleon. Our …

Recent experimental and theoretical results for intermediate energy nucleus-nucleus
collisions (E/A= 20–200 MeV) will be reviewed. The experimental topics include incomplete …

Multiplicities of neutrons and light charged particles associated with central collisions have
been measured in the energy range 27–77 MeV/u for the systems 40Ar+ 197Au, 232Th. The …

Ar+ Ni and Ni+ Ni collisions are investigated between 32 and around 100A MeV incident
energy with the 4π multidetector INDRA. Fusion cross-sections are found to decrease from∼ …

The dependence of various measurable properties of heavy-ion collisions is calculated with
the Boltzmann equation, in an attempt to find the best observables to determine the impact …

Several aspects of hot nuclei are examined in the present review article. After defining what
is usually meant by hot nuclei, the new tools which have been developed in order to …