Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R, also known as c-FMS) is a receptor tyrosine
kinase. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and IL-34 are ligands of CSF1R …

The blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB), a physical barrier between the blood and spinal cord
parenchyma, prevents the toxins, blood cells, and pathogens from entering the spinal cord …

The outbreak of COVID-19, the pandemic disease caused by the severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spurred an intense search for treatments by the …

Inflammation involving the innate and adaptive immune systems is a normal response to
infection. However, when allowed to continue unchecked, inflammation may result in …

Cytokines regulate a broad range of inflammatory processes that are implicated in the
pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. In rheumatoid joints, it is well known that an imbalance …

Although they were originally defined as haematopoietic-cell growth factors, colony-
stimulating factors (CSFs) have been shown to have additional functions by acting directly …

The action of transforming-growth-factor (TGF)-β following inflammatory responses is
characterized by increased production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, as well as …

In cells experiencing unrelieved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the ER transmembrane
kinase/endoribonuclease (RNase)—IRE1α—endonucleolytically degrades ER-localized …

Inflammation is an evolutionarily conserved host reaction that is initiated in response to
trauma, tissue damage and infection. It leads to changes in tissue homeostasis and blood …

Tuberculosis continues to kill 1· 4 million people annually. During the past 5 years, an
alarming increase in the number of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and …