In the contexts of aging, injury, or neuroinflammation, activated microglia signaling with TNF-
α, IL-1α, and C1q induces a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, classified as A1, A1-like, or …

Reactive astrocytes are astrocytes undergoing morphological, molecular, and functional
remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the CNS. Although this remodeling …

Astrocytes provide key neuronal support, and their phenotypic transformation is implicated in
neurodegenerative diseases. Metabolically, astrocytes possess low mitochondrial oxidative …

The extent of microglial heterogeneity in humans remains a central yet poorly explored
question in light of the development of therapies targeting this cell type. Here, we investigate …

Astrocytes constitute approximately 30% of the cells in the mammalian central nervous
system (CNS). They are integral to brain and spinal-cord physiology and perform many …

Neuroinflammation is proposed as one of the mechanisms by which Alzheimer's disease
pathology, including amyloid-β plaques, leads to neuronal death and dysfunction. Increases …

Astrocytic contributions to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression were, until recently, largely
overlooked. Astrocytes are integral to normal brain function and astrocyte reactivity is an …

The triggering of innate immune mechanisms is emerging as a crucial component of major
neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia and other cell types in the brain can be activated in …

The ɛ4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE), which translates to the APOE4 isoform,
is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Within the CNS …

Microglia and astrocytes play essential roles in the central nervous system contributing to
many functions including homeostasis, immune response, blood–brain barrier maintenance …