Microorganisms play a significant role in the evolution and functioning of the eukaryotes with
which they interact. Much of our understanding of beneficial host–microbe interactions stems …

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families Heterorhabditidae and
Steinernematidae have a mutualistic–symbiotic association with enteric γ-Proteobacteria …

Spite occurs when an individual harms itself in the act of harming others. Spiteful behaviour
may be more pervasive in nature than commonly thought. One of the clearest examples of …

Spite occurs when an individual harms itself in the act of harming other individuals. Such
behaviors were once assumed to be of limited evolutionary importance, as the conditions for …

Artificial ecosystem selection is an experimental technique that treats microbial communities
as though they were discrete units by applying selection on community-level properties …

The coevolution of interacting species can lead to codependent mutualists. Little is known
about the effect of selection on partners within verses apart from the association. Here, we …

Cooperative secretion of virulence factors by pathogens can lead to social conflict when
cheating mutants exploit collective secretion, but do not contribute to it. If cheats outcompete …

The maintenance of parasite diversity has historically taken a host-centric approach. Yet,
many parasites are host generalists, and most parasites spend at least some time outside of …

Following a host shift, repeated co‐passaging of a mutualistic pair is expected to increase
fitness over time in one or both species. Without adaptation, a novel association may be …

Abstract Lay Summary: Competition often occurs among diverse parasites within a single
host, but control efforts could change its strength. We examined how the interplay between …