Artificial neural networks (ANNs) inspired by biology are beginning to be widely used to
model behavioural and neural data, an approach we call 'neuroconnectionism'. ANNs have …

Anxiety is experienced in response to threats that are distal or uncertain, involving changes
in one's subjective state, autonomic responses, and behavior. Defensive and physiologic …

Unlike previous studies on the Metaverse based on Second Life, the current Metaverse is
based on the social value of Generation Z that online and offline selves are not different …

The medial frontal cortex and adjacent orbitofrontal cortex have been the focus of
investigations of decision-making, behavioral flexibility, and social behavior. We review …

Dopamine neurons are characterized by their response to unexpected rewards, but they
also fire during movement and aversive stimuli. Dopamine neuron diversity has been …

Decades of neurobiological research have disclosed the diverse manners in which the
response properties of neurons are dynamically modulated to support adaptive cognitive …

The emergence of powerful artificial intelligence (AI) is defining new research directions in
neuroscience. To date, this research has focused largely on deep neural networks trained …

Animals make predictions to guide their behavior and update those predictions through
experience. Transient increases in dopamine (DA) are thought to be critical signals for …

Significant evidence supports the view that dopamine shapes learning by encoding reward
prediction errors. However, it is unknown whether striatal targets receive tailored dopamine …

An organism's survival can depend on its ability to recall and navigate to spatial locations
associated with rewards, such as food or a home. Accumulating research has revealed that …