The study of the gut microbiome has increasingly revealed an important role in modulating
brain function and mental health. In this review, we underscore specific pathways and …

The emerging concept of microbiota contributing to local mucosal homeostasis has fueled
investigation into its specific role in immunology. Gut microbiota is mostly responsible for …

Mucosal healing plays a critical role in combatting the effects of inflammatory bowel disease,
fistulae and ulcers. While most treatments for such diseases focus on systemically delivered …

In the initiation of innate immune responses against pathogens, pattern-recognition
receptors (PRRs) have an essential role in recognizing specific components of …

The composition of the gut microbiota and excessive ingestion of high‐fat diets (HFD) are
considered to be important factors for development of obesity. In this review we describe a …

The human gut is densely populated by commensal and symbiotic microbes (the “gut
microbiota”), with the majority of the constituent microorganisms being bacteria …

Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells. These cells establish a barrier between
sometimes hostile external environments and the internal milieu. However, mucosae are …

Highlights•Shared mechanisms within taxonomic groups go beyond strain-specific
effects.•Probiotic benefits may derive from mechanisms that are shared among strains.•A …

We survive because we adapted to a world of microorganisms. All our epithelial surfaces
participate in keeping up an effective barrier against microbes while not initiating ongoing …

The gut is able to maintain tolerance to microbial and food antigens. The intestine minimizes
the number of harmful bacteria by shaping the microbiota through a symbiotic relationship …