Viral infectious diseases threaten human health and global stability. Several vaccine
platforms, such as DNA, mRNA, recombinant viral vectors, and virus-like particle-based …

Leishmania parasites preferentially invade macrophages, the professional phagocytic cells,
at the site of infection. Macrophages play conflicting roles in Leishmania infection either by …

Characterizing the factors that disrupt the cellular barriers to cancer (eg, cell-cycle arrest,
apoptosis, repression of telomerase, cell adhesion, and asymmetric cell division) and are …

Viruses of trypanosomatids are now being extensively studied because of their diversity and
the roles they play in flagellates' biology. Among the most prominent examples are …

Triatomine assassin bugs comprise hematophagous insect vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi,
the causative agent of Chagas disease. Although the microbiome of these species has been …

Simple Summary Giardiosis, trichomonosis, leishmaniosis, and trypanosomosis are parasitic
diseases caused by flagellated protozoa that have a major global health impact, and their …

Protozoan parasite infection causes severe diseases in humans and animals, leading to
tremendous economic and medical pressure. Natural immunity is the first line of defence …

One of the main components of innate defense against invasive parasites is oxidative stress,
which is brought on by reactive oxygen species (ROS). On the other hand, oxidative …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of higher eukaryotic cells forms an intricate membranous
network that serves as the main processing facility for folding and assembling of secreted …

Research on vaccines against trypanosomatids, a family of protozoa that cause neglected
tropical diseases, such as Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and sleeping sickness, is a …