Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic asthma (AAS), atopic dermatitis (AD),
food allergy (FA), and eczema are systemic diseases caused by an impaired immune …

Flagellin is a subunit protein of the flagellum, a whip-like appendage that enables bacterial
motility. Traditionally, flagellin was viewed as a virulence factor that contributes to the …

Flagellin, the main building block of the bacterial flagellum, acts as a pathogen-associated
molecular pattern triggering the innate immune response in animals and plants. In …

The endothelium forms a vast network that dynamically regulates vascular barrier function,
coagulation pathways and vasomotor tone. Microvascular endothelial cells are uniquely …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the major cell-surface initiators of inflammatory responses to
pathogens. They bind a wide variety of pathogenic substances through their ectodomains …

Autophagy is a newly recognized innate defense mechanism, acting as a cell‐autonomous
system for elimination of intracellular pathogens. The signals and signalling pathways …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that detect invading pathogens by
binding conserved, microbially derived molecules and that induce signaling cascades for …

Incomplete β-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria is a feature of insulin resistance and
type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Previous studies revealed that plasma concentrations of …

Flagella contribute to the virulence of pathogenic bacteria through chemotaxis, adhesion to
and invasion of host surfaces. Flagellin is the structural protein that forms the major portion …

Addressing age-related immunological defects through therapeutic interventions is essential
for healthy aging, as the immune system plays a crucial role in controlling infections …