Scientists investigating the coupling between the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere
(LAI) require multiple instruments installed on and near the Earth's surface and aboard …

Both solar activities from above and perturbations of Earth's surface and troposphere from
below disturb ionospheric structure and its dynamics. Numerous ionospheric phenomena …

We present the first‐ever global assessment of thermospheric nitric oxide infrared radiative
flux (NOF) variability. NOF (W/m2) from 100‐to 250‐km altitude is extracted from 13.7 years …

Abstract Tidal responses to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the mesosphere and
lower thermosphere (MLT) are investigated for the first time using reanalysis data‐driven …

The solar radio flux at 2800 MHz (F10. 7) and the sunspot number (SSN) are excellent
indicators of solar activity. Data from 1986 to 2016 have been used to investigate long-term …

A study in the lithosphere, atmosphere and ionosphere (LAI) coupling often troubles
scientists due to a certain distance between distinct instruments, which monitor geophysical …

The Earth's ionosphere undergoes regular intra‐annual variations (IAVs) characterized by
two peaks and troughs around the equinoxes and solstices. This phenomenon is crucial for …

Abstract The National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐
Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) is a three‐dimensional physics model …

This study examines the influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the
ionospheric total electron content (TEC) diurnal eastward 3 (DE3) and stationary planetary …

Understanding the variability of the ionosphere is important for the prediction of space
weather and climate. Recent studies have shown that forcing from the lower atmosphere …