Since 1999, various forward-and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly 200
genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries …

Plants encounter a myriad of microorganisms, particularly at the root–soil interface, that can
invade with detrimental or beneficial outcomes. Prevalent beneficial associations between …

Advances in deciphering the functional architecture of eukaryotic genomes have been
facilitated by recent breakthroughs in sequencing technologies, enabling a more …

Most land plants benefit from endosymbiotic interactions with mycorrhizal fungi, including
legumes and some nonlegumes that also interact with endosymbiotic nitrogen (N)-fixing …

Leghemoglobins enable the endosymbiotic fixation of molecular nitrogen (N2) in legume
nodules by channeling O2 for bacterial respiration while maintaining a micro-oxic …

New research results have significantly revised our understanding of the rhizobium–legume
infection process. For example, Nod factors (NFs), previously thought to be absolutely …

Surveillance of the extracellular environment by immune receptors is of central importance
to eukaryotic survival. The rice receptor kinase XA21, which confers robust resistance to …

Symbiotic interactions such as the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis (RNS) have
structured ecosystems during the evolution of life. Here we aimed at reconstructing ancestral …

A classic view of the evolution of mutualism is that it derives from a pathogenic relationship
that attenuated over time to a situation in which both partners can benefit. If this is the case …

Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are transmembrane proteins characterized by
the presence of two domains of unknown function 26 (DUF26) in their ectodomain. The …